Raise SystemCallError exception when these functions return an error.

This changes behavior for the following case (found by the tests):

```ruby
dir1 = Dir.new('..')
dir2 = Dir.for_fd(dir1.fileno)
dir1.close
dir2.close
```

The above code is basically broken, as `dir1.close` closed the file
descriptor.  The subsequent `dir2.close` call is undefined behavior.
When run in isolation, it raises Errno::EBADF after the change, but
if another thread opens a file descriptor between the `dir1.close`
and `dir2.close` calls, the `dir2.close` call could close the file
descriptor opened by the other thread.  Raising an exception is much
better in this case as it makes it obvious there is a bug in the code.

For the readdir check, since the GVL has already been released,
reacquire it rb_thread_call_with_gvl if an exception needs to be
raised.

Due to the number of closedir calls, this adds static close_dir_data
and check_closedir functions.  The close_dir_data takes a
struct dir_data * and handles setting the dir entry to NULL regardless
of failure.

Fixes [Bug #20586]

Co-authored-by: Nobuyoshi Nakada <nobu.nakada@gmail.com>