Originally, when 2e7bceb3 fixed cfuncs to no
longer use the VM stack for large array splats, it was thought to have fully
fixed Bug #4040, since the issue was fixed for methods defined in Ruby (iseqs)
back in Ruby 2.2.

After additional research, I determined that same issue affects almost all
types of method calls, not just iseq and cfunc calls.  There were two main
types of remaining issues, important cases (where large array splat should
work) and pedantic cases (where large array splat raised SystemStackError
instead of ArgumentError).

Important cases:

```ruby
define_method(:a){|*a|}
a(*1380888.times)

def b(*a); end
send(:b, *1380888.times)

:b.to_proc.call(self, *1380888.times)

def d; yield(*1380888.times) end
d(&method(:b))

def self.method_missing(*a); end
not_a_method(*1380888.times)

```

Pedantic cases:

```ruby
def a; end
a(*1380888.times)
def b(_); end
b(*1380888.times)
def c(_=nil); end
c(*1380888.times)

c = Class.new do
  attr_accessor :a
  alias b a=
end.new
c.a(*1380888.times)
c.b(*1380888.times)

c = Struct.new(:a) do
  alias b a=
end.new
c.a(*1380888.times)
c.b(*1380888.times)
```

This patch fixes all usage of CALLER_SETUP_ARG with splatting a large
number of arguments, and required similar fixes to use a temporary
hidden array in three other cases where the VM would use the VM stack
for handling a large number of arguments.  However, it is possible
there may be additional cases where splatting a large number
of arguments still causes a SystemStackError.

This has a measurable performance impact, as it requires additional
checks for a large number of arguments in many additional cases.

This change is fairly invasive, as there were many different VM
functions that needed to be modified to support this. To avoid
too much API change, I modified struct rb_calling_info to add a
heap_argv member for storing the array, so I would not have to
thread it through many functions.  This struct is always stack
allocated, which helps ensure sure GC doesn't collect it early.

Because of how invasive the changes are, and how rarely large
arrays are actually splatted in Ruby code, the existing test/spec
suites are not great at testing for correct behavior.  To try to
find and fix all issues, I tested this in CI with
VM_ARGC_STACK_MAX to -1, ensuring that a temporary array is used
for all array splat method calls.  This was very helpful in
finding breaking cases, especially ones involving flagged keyword
hashes.

Fixes [Bug #4040]

Co-authored-by: Jimmy Miller <jimmy.miller@shopify.com>